The Ingredient Encyclopedia: what is in your supplements, explained.

Melinjo Leaf

Preliminary human studies, often involving small cohorts (e.g., n=30-50), suggest Melinjo leaf extract may contribute to maintaining healthy blood pressure, with observed reductions in systolic pre...

Matico (Piper aduncum)

Current evidence for matico is limited to in vitro antimicrobial studies and animal inflammation models, with no human clinical trials published

Nectarine Seed

No clinical trials specifically examining nectarine seed effects have been conducted, with evidence limited to fruit studies and analogous research on related Prunus species

Fairy Ring Mushroom

Preliminary research on Fairy Ring Mushrooms, particularly Marasmius oreades, indicates antioxidant, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory properties, consistent with findings for other edible f...

Bamboo Sugar

Clinical research specifically on "Bamboo Sugar" as a distinct functional ingredient is currently emerging and limited

Kaong

Currently, there are no human clinical trials specifically investigating the health benefits of Kaong (Arenga pinnata) fruit

Hairy Melon

Direct human clinical trials specifically evaluating the efficacy of Hairy Melon for specific health outcomes are limited

Guajillo Pepper

While specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on Guajillo pepper fruit are limited, research primarily on its key bioactive, capsaicin, demonstrates its potential

Longan Leaf

Limited human clinical trials exist for longan leaf specifically, with most evidence derived from in vitro and animal studies

Naranjilla Fruit

Limited clinical research exists specifically on naranjilla fruit supplementation

Creeping Raspberry

Current evidence for creeping raspberry is limited to in vitro cell-based studies and animal models, with no human clinical trials available

Ajoene from Aged Garlic

Extensive in vitro and animal studies have consistently demonstrated ajoene's significant antithrombotic, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties

Artist's Conk

Research on Artist's Conk, predominantly from in vitro and animal studies, supports its immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties

Batuan

Limited human studies exist for batuan specifically, with most research conducted on related Garcinia species

Epazote

Current evidence is limited to in vitro studies with no human clinical trials available for epazote

Appalachian Wild Ginger

There are no registered or published clinical trials evaluating Asarum canadense for any health outcome in human subjects, precluding any summary of effect sizes, confidence intervals, or therapeut...

Huacapurana

No clinical trials in human subjects have been conducted on Campsiandra comosa or on Huacapurana preparations more broadly, meaning all efficacy inferences are extrapolated from in vitro assays, on...

Cordoncillo Negro (Piper aduncum)

Current evidence for cordoncillo negro consists primarily of in vitro laboratory studies demonstrating antifungal activity against dermatophyte species and antimicrobial effects against gram-positi...

Dubraj Rice

No clinical trials have been conducted specifically on Dubraj rice, and the cultivar is absent from indexed clinical literature as of current available data

Yagrumo Leaf

Research on Yagrumo Leaf, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, supports its traditional uses and indicates a broad spectrum of health benefits

Kusum

Currently, no specific clinical trials on Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) have been published, with evidence limited to traditional use documentation and preliminary phytochemical analysis

Aniracetam

Human studies on aniracetam are limited, with most research conducted in elderly populations with cognitive decline

African Dream Root

No clinical trials have been conducted on African Dream Root (Silene undulata) for any indication, including its primary traditional applications of lucid dream induction or respiratory support

Chinese Toon

Current scientific understanding of Chinese Toon's efficacy largely derives from phytochemical analyses and in vitro lab studies

Elephant Ear Leaf

No human clinical trials exist for Elephant Ear Leaf; evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies only

Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum)

Human research on kanna remains extremely limited, with most evidence derived from animal studies and in vitro research

King Solomon’s Seal Root

Current research consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies demonstrating polysaccharide-induced tumor cell apoptosis and antioxidant effects from flavonoids

Mangosteen Leaf Tea

While general research on mangosteen highlights the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of its xanthones, specific human clinical trials focusing solely on mangosteen leaf ...

Guaco (Mikania glomerata)

Evidence for guaco comes primarily from animal studies and traditional use reports, with no published human clinical trials available

Pinda Palm Fruit

Scientific studies, largely preclinical and *in vitro*, support Pindo palm fruit's antioxidant and immune-modulating properties

Gynura procumbens (Purple Spinach)

Preclinical studies, including in vitro and animal models, have extensively demonstrated the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties of Gynura procumbens

Marsh Pennywort

Current scientific understanding of Marsh Pennywort (*Hydrocotyle vulgaris*) largely stems from preliminary in vitro and in vivo animal studies

Cherry Pepper

Clinical research, primarily focusing on isolated capsinoids from *Capsicum annuum* varieties like CH-19 sweet, has demonstrated their efficacy in human trials

Chicalote Leaf

Scientific evidence for chicalote leaf remains preliminary, with most research focusing on traditional use validation rather than controlled clinical trials

Fermented Peppers

Extensive research supports the general probiotic and digestive health benefits of lacto-fermented vegetables, demonstrating their role in immune modulation

Beech Nut

Current research on beech nuts is extremely limited, with most scientific data derived from beech bark extract studies rather than the edible seeds themselves

Bluebell Flower

Clinical research on bluebell flower specifically is sparse, with most evidence derived from ethnobotanical surveys and in vitro studies rather than randomized controlled trials

Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii)

Current evidence for Yerba Buena comes primarily from in vitro laboratory studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Polydatin

The majority of polydatin research consists of in vitro cell studies and rodent models, with limited human clinical data currently available

Queen Palm Fruit

Direct clinical research on Queen Palm Fruit (Syagrus romanzoffiana) specifically investigating its health benefits in humans is very limited

Dried Dewberry

Most research on dewberries comes from in vitro and animal studies examining antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects

Colchicum autumnale (Autumn Crocus)

Clinical trials support purified colchicine for gout flares at 1.2mg initially followed by 0.6mg one hour later

Foti (Polygonum multiflorum)

Human clinical evidence for foti remains limited, with most positive results coming from combination formulas rather than isolated foti studies

Korean Green Plum

While highly valued in traditional medicine, scientific studies on Korean Green Plum are predominantly preliminary, focusing on *in vitro* and animal models

Barberry Tea

Human studies on berberine supplementation (300-500mg daily) show 15-20% reductions in fasting glucose and 12-15% decreases in HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetics

Bladder Campion

Clinical research specifically on Bladder Campion (Silene vulgaris) is extremely limited, with no identified human clinical trials or extensive in-vitro/in-vivo studies detailing its pharmacologica...

Dried Serviceberry

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried serviceberry, with most studies focusing on fresh serviceberries or related Amelanchier species

Bai Hu Tang (White Tiger Decoction)

Traditional clinical observations report a 30% reduction in body temperature following Bai Hu Tang administration, though controlled clinical trials are limited

Fermented Lemons

Research on fermented lemons primarily focuses on *in vitro* and pre-clinical studies, demonstrating increased levels of bioactive compounds post-fermentation

Madre de Cacao Leaf

Limited clinical research exists on madre de cacao leaf supplements in humans