Herbs (Global Traditional) · Southeast Asian
Vallarai (Centella asiatica) (Centella asiatica)
Strong Evidencebotanical
Hermetica Superfood Encyclopedia
Centella asiatica contains triterpene compounds including asiaticoside and madecassoside that exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive compounds work by modulating inflammatory pathways and supporting cellular repair mechanisms.
Vallarai (Centella asiatica), also known as gotu kola, is a perennial herb from the Apiaceae family native to tropical wetlands of Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The whole plant, primarily leaves and stems, is processed using water or ethanol extraction methods to yield standardized extracts rich in triterpene compounds.
Clinical evidence includes a small open-label trial (n=10) for ulcerative colitis showing modest improvements, and a 52-week RCT (n=43) demonstrating symptom reduction in diabetic neuropathy (PMID: 31080345). A phase 1 crossover trial (n=4) confirmed oral bioavailability of triterpenes in cognitive impairment (PMID: 35204098), while a pilot RCT assessed temporomandibular pain (PMID: 40253389).
Clinically studied doses include 500mg daily of non-standardized extract for ulcerative colitis (12 weeks), 600mg daily of standardized CAST triterpenes for diabetic neuropathy (52 weeks), and 2-4g single doses of aqueous extract for bioavailability studies. Standardized extracts typically contain 0.5-1% asiaticoside and 2-8% madecassoside. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.
Per 100g fresh leaves (approximate): Energy 35–45 kcal; Protein 1.8–2.2 g; Total fat 0.4–0.7 g; Carbohydrates 6–7 g; Dietary fiber 2.5–3.5 g; Water ~88%. Key micronutrients: Vitamin C 30–50 mg (moderate bioavailability), β-carotene (provitamin A) 2.5–4.0 mg, Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 0.08 mg, Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.14 mg, Niacin 0.8 mg, Folate ~20–30 µg; Minerals: Calcium 150–170 mg, Iron 3.0–5.0 mg (non-heme, bioavailability enhanced with vitamin C co-consumption), Phosphorus 30–35 mg, Potassium 350–400 mg, Magnesium 20–30 mg, Zinc 0.5–1.0 mg. Primary bioactive compounds (pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins): Asiaticoside 0.8–2.0% of dry weight (glycoside; hydrolyzed in vivo to asiatic acid), Madecassoside 0.5–1.5% of dry weight (glycoside; hydrolyzed to madecassic acid), Asiatic acid 0.1–0.5% of dry weight (aglycone, higher oral bioavailability than glycosides), Madecassic acid 0.1–0.4% of dry weight (aglycone). Secondary bioactives: Brahmoside and brahminoside (saponin glycosides, trace amounts), Centellose, Centoic acid; Flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol, and their glycosides (combined ~0.05–0.15% dry weight); Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid (combined ~0.1–0.3% dry weight); Polyacetylenes (trace); Volatile oils including β-caryophyllene, trans-β-farnesene, germacrene-D (~0.1% of fresh weight). Bioavailability notes: Triterpene glycosides (asiaticoside, madecassoside) are prodrugs hydrolyzed by gut microbiota to their respective aglycones (asiatic acid, madecassic acid), which are the primary absorbable forms; oral bioavailability of asiatic acid estimated at ~16% in animal models; absorption improved with lipid-based formulations or phospholipid complexes (phytosomes); first-pass hepatic metabolism is significant; peak plasma levels of triterpenoids typically reached 2–4 hours post-ingestion; standardized extracts (e.g., Centella asiatica Selected Triterpenes, CAST) are typically standardized to 60–80% total triterpenoids for therapeutic use.
Centella asiatica's triterpenes, particularly asiaticoside and madecassoside, modulate inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and interleukin-1β. These compounds enhance collagen synthesis by activating TGF-β pathways and support nerve function through BDNF upregulation. The plant's bioactives also inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing inflammatory responses.
A small pilot trial (n=10) in mild ulcerative colitis showed endoscopic improvements with Centella asiatica extract without adverse events, though larger studies are needed. A randomized controlled trial (n=43) demonstrated significant reduction in diabetic neuropathy total symptom scores with 600mg daily dosing. Both studies represent preliminary evidence requiring replication in larger, longer-duration trials. Current clinical data is limited but suggests potential therapeutic applications.
Centella asiatica is generally well-tolerated with minimal reported side effects in clinical studies. Potential interactions with anticoagulant medications may occur due to the herb's mild blood-thinning properties. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid use due to insufficient safety data. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal upset or skin sensitivity with topical applications.
