Sang Ju Yin (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Drink)

Sang Ju Yin is a traditional herbal decoction rather than a caloric food, so macronutrient content is negligible (virtually zero protein, fat, and carbohydrate per standard 200–300 mL serving). Key bioactive compounds include: **Mulberry Leaf (Sang Ye, ~7.5 g):** chlorogenic acid (~15–30 mg), rutin (~10–20 mg), 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ, ~2–5 mg), quercetin glycosides (~5–15 mg), β-carotene (trace), and small amounts of calcium (~20 mg), potassium (~30 mg), and iron (~0.5 mg). **Chrysanthemum (Ju Hua, ~3 g):** luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (~5–12 mg), apigenin (~2–5 mg), chlorogenic acid (~8–15 mg), vitamin A precursors (β-carotene, trace), and selenium (trace). **Forsythia Fruit (Lian Qiao, ~5 g):** forsythin/phillyrin (~10–20 mg), forsythoside A (~5–10 mg). **Mint (Bo He, ~2.5 g):** menthol (~3–8 mg), rosmarinic acid (~2–5 mg). **Platycodon Root (Jie Geng, ~6 g):** platycodin D (~3–8 mg), inulin (~50–80 mg). **Bitter Apricot Kernel (Ku Xing Ren, ~6 g):** amygdalin (~10–25 mg, partially hydrolyzed during decoction), oleic acid (trace). **Reed Rhizome (Lu Gen, ~6 g):** asparagine (~5–10 mg), polysaccharides (~20–40 mg). **Licorice (Gan Cao, ~2.5 g):** glycyrrhizin (~8–15 mg), liquiritin (~3–6 mg). Bioavailability of flavonoids (rutin, luteolin, apigenin) is moderate (10–30%) and enhanced by warm aqueous extraction; glycyrrhizin from licorice may enhance absorption of other compounds by modulating intestinal permeability. Total phenolic content of a standard decoction is approximately 80–200 mg gallic acid equivalents per serving.