Hermetica Superfood Encyclopedia
The Short Answer
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid glycoside that consists of apigenin bound to glucose, primarily derived from chamomile and other plants in the Asteraceae family. This compound exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages and demonstrates antioxidant effects through reactive oxygen species scavenging.
CategoryNamed Bioactive Compounds
GroupCompound
Evidence LevelModerate
Primary Keywordapigenin-7-O-glucoside benefits
Synergy Pairings3
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (Flavonoid Glycoside) — botanical close-up
Health Benefits
Origin & History
Natural habitat
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid glycoside where apigenin is substituted at the 7-position with a β-D-glucopyranosyl moiety, with molecular formula C21H20O10. It occurs naturally in various plants as a bioactive compound and appears as a pale yellow to yellow solid with a melting point of 230-237°C.
“No information on historical or traditional medicinal uses is available in current research sources.”Traditional Medicine
Scientific Research
No human clinical trials, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or meta-analyses specifically on apigenin-7-O-glucoside were identified. Current research is limited to preclinical in vitro studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
Preparation & Dosage
Traditional preparation
No clinically studied dosage ranges are available as human trials are lacking. Forms, standardization details, and therapeutic doses have not been established. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.
Nutritional Profile
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid glycoside (a glycosylated form of the aglycone apigenin) and is not a macronutrient source; it contributes negligible calories, protein, fat, or fiber when consumed in typical dietary or supplemental amounts. Molecular weight: 432.38 g/mol (apigenin aglycone: 270.24 g/mol; glucose moiety adds ~162 g/mol). Bioactive compound classification: flavone glycoside, subclass of flavonoids. Naturally found in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) at concentrations of approximately 1,500–4,500 mg/kg dry weight, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers at approximately 3–8 mg/g dry weight, celery (Apium graveolens) at 10–300 mg/kg fresh weight, and artichoke leaves at variable concentrations of 50–200 mg/kg. Typical supplemental doses studied range from 25–100 mg per dose. Bioavailability: the glucose moiety at the 7-position renders the compound more water-soluble than the aglycone apigenin, improving oral absorption; intestinal and colonic microbiota hydrolyze the glycosidic bond releasing free apigenin, which is subsequently absorbed in the small intestine and colon. Peak plasma concentrations occur approximately 1–2 hours post-ingestion for the glycoside form. Apigenin undergoes phase II conjugation (glucuronidation and sulfation) in intestinal epithelium and liver, with metabolites excreted renally. Absolute oral bioavailability remains low (estimated <10–20% for the aglycone after hydrolysis), though the glycoside form shows improved solubility compared to apigenin alone. No meaningful vitamin or mineral content is contributed by this isolated compound.
How It Works
Mechanism of Action
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, reducing inflammatory nitric oxide production. The compound scavenges reactive oxygen species including superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals through its phenolic hydroxyl groups. Upon metabolism, the glucose moiety is cleaved to release free apigenin, which can interact with cyclooxygenase enzymes and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways.
Clinical Evidence
Current evidence for apigenin-7-O-glucoside is limited to preliminary in vitro studies using cell culture models. Laboratory studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and antioxidant activity in chemical assays, but specific quantified outcomes and sample sizes are not well-documented in published literature. Anti-proliferative effects have been observed in preliminary research, though complete data on these studies is limited. Human clinical trials specifically investigating apigenin-7-O-glucoside are currently lacking, making it difficult to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.
Safety & Interactions
Safety data specific to apigenin-7-O-glucoside is limited due to lack of human studies, though the parent compound apigenin is generally well-tolerated in dietary amounts. Potential interactions may occur with anticoagulant medications due to flavonoid effects on platelet aggregation and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (chamomile, ragweed, chrysanthemums) should exercise caution. Pregnancy and breastfeeding safety has not been established for concentrated apigenin-7-O-glucoside supplements.
Synergy Stack
Hermetica Formulation Heuristic
Also Known As
Apigenin 7-glucosideApigenin-7-glucoside7-GlucosylapigeninApigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosideCosmosiin5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
Frequently Asked Questions
What foods contain apigenin-7-O-glucoside naturally?
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is found primarily in chamomile flowers, parsley, celery, and other plants in the Asteraceae family. Chamomile tea represents one of the most common dietary sources, containing approximately 0.8-1.2% apigenin glycosides by dry weight.
How does apigenin-7-O-glucoside differ from regular apigenin?
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside contains a glucose molecule attached to the apigenin backbone, making it more water-soluble and potentially better absorbed than free apigenin. The glucose moiety is cleaved during metabolism to release active apigenin in the body.
What is the typical dosage of apigenin-7-O-glucoside supplements?
No standardized dosage exists for apigenin-7-O-glucoside supplements due to limited human studies. Most chamomile extracts standardized to apigenin content provide 1.2-4.8mg of apigenin glycosides per serving, but optimal therapeutic doses remain undetermined.
Can apigenin-7-O-glucoside interact with blood thinning medications?
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside may potentially interact with anticoagulant medications like warfarin due to flavonoid effects on platelet function and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Individuals taking blood thinners should consult healthcare providers before using apigenin supplements.
How long does it take for apigenin-7-O-glucoside to show effects?
The timeline for apigenin-7-O-glucoside effects in humans is unknown due to lack of clinical trials. In cell culture studies, anti-inflammatory effects were observed within 24 hours of treatment, but human bioavailability and response times have not been established.
Does apigenin-7-O-glucoside have bioavailability advantages over aglycone apigenin?
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is a glycosylated form that may offer improved water solubility compared to free apigenin, potentially enhancing absorption in the digestive tract. However, the glucose moiety must be cleaved by intestinal enzymes or gut microbiota before the aglycone can be absorbed, which may delay peak bioavailability. Studies suggest the glycoside form may improve overall stability and reduce degradation during transit, though individual absorption varies significantly based on gut microbiota composition.
What does the current research evidence show about apigenin-7-O-glucoside's anti-inflammatory effects in humans?
While laboratory studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of nitric oxide production in cell cultures, human clinical trials are limited and evidence remains preliminary. Most published data comes from in vitro macrophage cell studies, which do not directly translate to human efficacy. More randomized controlled trials in human subjects are needed to establish whether these inflammatory markers translate to measurable health benefits.
Who should consider taking apigenin-7-O-glucoside supplements, and are there populations who should avoid it?
Individuals interested in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support may consider this supplement, though clinical evidence in specific populations is limited. Pregnant and nursing women should consult healthcare providers before use due to insufficient safety data in these populations. People with estrogen-sensitive conditions should exercise caution, as apigenin has demonstrated estrogenic activity in some studies, though the clinical relevance of this effect at typical supplement doses remains unclear.
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